E’ singolare che un chirurgo abbia frequentato un intero corso annuale di psichiatria durante la propria formazione universitaria e ne ricordi distintamente i contenuti ed il docente che lo teneva.Eravamo intorno alla metà degli anni ’80 ed il docente che si occupava allora intensamente di “drug addiction” era un emergente Vittorino Andreoli.Lucido e moderno.Da allora ho seguito la sua evoluzione culturale e mediatica.Il suo metodo mi ha sempre convinto.Oggi un suo breve ed incisivo intervento sulla stampa mi aiuta ad esemplificare i dubbi crescenti che tutti noi nutriamo riguardo ai concetti tradizionali di “libertà” ed ,aggiungo io, “razionalità”.Un ripensamento radicale sul “cogito ergo sum”che dà il nome a questa rubrica!
La libertà è un’illusione :i meccanismi con cui l’incoscio guasta i nostri progetti
di Vittorino Andreoli
Psicopatologia della vita quotidiana di Freud viene pubblicato nel 1901, un anno dopo L’interpretazione dei sogni con cui si fa nascere la psicoanalisi. Pur avendo avuto aggiunte fino al 1924, è dunque una delle opere di base nella costruzione del pensiero e della tecnica psicoanalitica. Nonostante l’«età» sono molti i punti utili alla modernità, e ciò che mi pare ancora rivoluzionario è quanto Freud ci dice sulla libertà.
Come si pone il legame tra questa aspirazione e l’inconscio? Rimane, nonostante le diverse modulazioni, la certezza di una parte inconscia dentro I’lo, una componente della struttura di personalità di cui non abbiamo consapevolezza e che tuttavia agisce e condiziona il nostro comportamento.
Se dunque è possibile scegliere un’azione e fortemente volerla, ciò non impedisce all’inconscio di entrare nei nostri progetti e desideri fino a renderne impossibile la realizzazione oppure a compierli in un modo diverso da come avremmo voluto: il divario tra essere e voler essere. Pertanto la libertà come possibilità di scelte qualsiasi è illusoria. E sul piano pratico si scontra sempre con limiti e blocchi che noi stessi inconsciamente poniamo alla realizzazione di quelle scelte.
Verrebbe da dire che la libertà rimane un’idealizzazione rispetto a condizioni esistenziali che invece ci tengono dentro un percorso che non è mai scelto, ma almeno in parte imposto. E la libertà rimane un’illusione. Freud non elabora queste considerazioni sulla base di una teoria, di un sapere dunque astratto, ma le svela attraverso le piccole cose, quei fatti che riempiono la quotidianità: gli atti mancati,gli automatismi comportamentali, i lapsus, le amnesie. Sono certo di aver chiuso la porta, ma la controllo ancora tre volte.
L’inconscio insomma si intromette silenziosamente e misteriosamente per impedire di compiere gesti o azioni che potrebbero riportare ad esperienze traumatiche e dunque dolorose, oppure al contrario inserisce la propria forza e conduce ad azioni che sostituiscono quelle programmate. Forze che si legano ad una memoria inconsapevole che dunque agisce senza giungere alla coscienza.
Il tema della libertà non ha ancora tenuto in debito conto questa dimensione del nostro Io e noi fingiamo di pensare ad un uomo libero che capisce e vuole e dunque sceglie razionalmente un comportamento (intelligere) e vi applica la volontà per realizzarlo.
Un assunto assurdo alla luce della Psicopatologia della vita quotidiana che è però ancora stampato nel codice penale: si afferma che la responsabilità si lega alla «capacità di intendere e/o di volere». Ed è questo il quesito che il giudice chiede al perito psichiatra per poter decidere e stabilire la pena.
Insomma dominano il capire e il volere. E l’inconscio? Come si fa a parlare di libertà e di responsabilità, ignorandolo?
Non è certo mia intenzione togliere la responsabilità nell’agire, ma soltanto sostenere (come Freud 110 anni fa) che non si può capire e giudicare un’azione e dunque un uomo senza considerare questa dimensione dell’Io che alberga in ciascuno di noi.
Corriere della Sera Venerdì 13 Maggio 2011
41 thoughts on “le libertà di pensare ed agire sono una illusione?”
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